Weighted Average Cost of Capital

WACC: Weighted average cost of capital =WACC= SS+B? Rs+BS+B? RB? 1-tC note: Rs , cost of equity; RB , cost of debt; tC , corporate tax rate. For cost of equity, Rs, we calculate it by using the SML, according to CAPM model. Rs=RF+ [RM-RF] As we can see in the chart behind the case, beta of Worldwide Paper Company is 1. 10; the Market risk premium (RM-RF) is 6. 0%. Because this on-site longwood woodyard project has six year life and the investment spend over two years, the total long of this program is more closer to 10-years, we choose the 10-year government bonds as risk free rate, 4. 60%.Thus, Rs=4. 60%+1. 10? 6. 0% =11. 20%. For the cost of debt, there are two kinds of debts of Worldwide Paper Company, bank loan and long-term debt. The cost of long-term debt is 5. 78% (A rating 10-years maturities corporate bonds) , and the value of long term debt is $2500M. Thus, RB=5. 78%. For the value of equity and debt, market value weights are more appropriate than book value weights, becaus e the market values of the securities are closer to the actual dollars that would be received from their sale. There are the market weights expected to prevail over the life of the firm or the project.S=500? $24. 00=$12,000M; B=$2500 RWACC=1200012000+3000? 11. 20%+300012000+3000? 5. 88%=9. 76% Payback Period: YEAR| 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| 2012| 2013| Total CF of investment| -16| -2. 4| -0. 6| Â  | Â  | Â  | 2. 08| OCF| Â  | 2. 88| 4. 5| 4. 5| 4. 5| 4. 5| 4. 5| Cumulative CF| -16| -15. 52| -11. 62| -7. 12| -2. 62| 1. 88| 8. 46| Thus, the payback period is 4+2. 624. 5=4. 58 year. Discounted Payback Period: YEAR| 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| 2012| 2013| Total CF of investment| -16| -2. 4| -0. 6| 0| 0| 0| 2. 08| discounted CF of investment| -16| -2. 18| -0. 0| 0| 0| 0| 1. 18| OCF| Â  | 2. 88| 4. 5| 4. 5| 4. 5| 4. 5| 4. 5| discounted OCF| Â  | 2. 62| 3. 73| 3. 39| 3. 09| 2. 81| 2. 56| sum| -16| 0. 44| 3. 23| 3. 39| 3. 09| 2. 81| 3. 74| Cumulative CF| -16| -15. 56| -12. 33| - 8. 94| -5. 85| -3. 04| 0. 70| Thus, the discounted payback period is 5+3. 044. 5=5. 81 year. Average Accounting Method: YEAR| 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| 2012| 2013| average| net income| Â  | -0. 12| 1. 5| 1. 5| 1. 5| 1. 5| 1. 5| 1. 23| investment| 16| 15. 4| 13| 10| 7| 4| 0| 9. 34| Thus, AAR=Average net incomeAverage investment=1. 239. 34=13. 16% Weighted Average Cost of Capital WACC: Weighted average cost of capital =WACC= SS+B? Rs+BS+B? RB? 1-tC note: Rs , cost of equity; RB , cost of debt; tC , corporate tax rate. For cost of equity, Rs, we calculate it by using the SML, according to CAPM model. Rs=RF+ [RM-RF] As we can see in the chart behind the case, beta of Worldwide Paper Company is 1. 10; the Market risk premium (RM-RF) is 6. 0%. Because this on-site longwood woodyard project has six year life and the investment spend over two years, the total long of this program is more closer to 10-years, we choose the 10-year government bonds as risk free rate, 4. 60%.Thus, Rs=4. 60%+1. 10? 6. 0% =11. 20%. For the cost of debt, there are two kinds of debts of Worldwide Paper Company, bank loan and long-term debt. The cost of long-term debt is 5. 78% (A rating 10-years maturities corporate bonds) , and the value of long term debt is $2500M. Thus, RB=5. 78%. For the value of equity and debt, market value weights are more appropriate than book value weights, becaus e the market values of the securities are closer to the actual dollars that would be received from their sale. There are the market weights expected to prevail over the life of the firm or the project.S=500? $24. 00=$12,000M; B=$2500 RWACC=1200012000+3000? 11. 20%+300012000+3000? 5. 88%=9. 76% Payback Period: YEAR| 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| 2012| 2013| Total CF of investment| -16| -2. 4| -0. 6| Â  | Â  | Â  | 2. 08| OCF| Â  | 2. 88| 4. 5| 4. 5| 4. 5| 4. 5| 4. 5| Cumulative CF| -16| -15. 52| -11. 62| -7. 12| -2. 62| 1. 88| 8. 46| Thus, the payback period is 4+2. 624. 5=4. 58 year. Discounted Payback Period: YEAR| 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| 2012| 2013| Total CF of investment| -16| -2. 4| -0. 6| 0| 0| 0| 2. 08| discounted CF of investment| -16| -2. 18| -0. 0| 0| 0| 0| 1. 18| OCF| Â  | 2. 88| 4. 5| 4. 5| 4. 5| 4. 5| 4. 5| discounted OCF| Â  | 2. 62| 3. 73| 3. 39| 3. 09| 2. 81| 2. 56| sum| -16| 0. 44| 3. 23| 3. 39| 3. 09| 2. 81| 3. 74| Cumulative CF| -16| -15. 56| -12. 33| - 8. 94| -5. 85| -3. 04| 0. 70| Thus, the discounted payback period is 5+3. 044. 5=5. 81 year. Average Accounting Method: YEAR| 2007| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| 2012| 2013| average| net income| Â  | -0. 12| 1. 5| 1. 5| 1. 5| 1. 5| 1. 5| 1. 23| investment| 16| 15. 4| 13| 10| 7| 4| 0| 9. 34| Thus, AAR=Average net incomeAverage investment=1. 239. 34=13. 16%

Medical profession Essay

Adolescence roughly covers the age from thirteen to eighteen. Thus they are called the â€Å"teen years†. Psychologist, educators and the medical profession all agree that adolescence is the most difficult stage an individual may have to go through. It is a time of rapid changes in physical, cognitive and social behavior (Hurlock, 1982). At this age the teen undergo a transition from â€Å"innocence’ to â€Å"awareness†. He shifts from the egocentric world of childhood where his thinking is guided only by what is known or seen to a wide world within him and around him where he can logically think through its reality(Hilliard ,2003) The individual entered an age wherein suddenly there are so many things that he wants to know, understand and experience. It is at this time that primary (sex organs) and secondary sex characteristics start to develop. This includes growth of pubic hair, swelling of breast or first menstrual period for girls and penis growth for boys. Such changes are made possible due to biological change that are undergoing within their bodies. Both boys and girls began to release large quantities of sex hormones, estrogen for girls and androgen for boys. This hormonal change in turn may cause arousal and emotionality in both sexes as they began to figure there sexual values (Hurlock, 1982). Their physical and biological development may make teens overly â€Å"self-conscious† and they become strongly interested to the opposite sex. It is at this time that they first start dating (Huebner, 2000). Generally teens are primarily confronted with issues about sexuality that leads to confusion, chaos, rebellion and extra emotional sensitivity (Hurlock, 1982). Developmental theories had been formulated to explain this phenomenon. METHODOLOGY The purpose of questionnaire is to know a teen’s view and attitude about sex. It does not tackle other sexuality issues like homosexuality and transgender. In developing my questionnaire I keep three things in mind: I should not be biased, questions must be clear to avoid misunderstanding and that care should be taken so as not to offend or embarrass my respondents. I know that teens can be very sensitive and conscious of what people say about them and for most of them sex is a private matter. To meet the above criteria I was careful in not committing the following errors in designing a questionnaire: a) the respondent feels the information is â€Å"none of my business† (Do you masturbate? ), b) Question lack a standard of reference ( do you feel comfortable discussing sex with â€Å"people†? What people? Friends? Parents?), c) the respondent does not know the answer (How many teens in your school disagree about premarital sex? ), and d) the respondent does not remember the answer and therefore guesses (How many girls does your best friend dated last year? ). I first tested my questionnaire by letting one of my teen friends answer it. In this way I will know if the questions are clear and can be easily answered even when I am not around. I revised question/s that was declared not clear by my friend. The next task was to find a teen to be interviewed using the questionnaire. In order not to be biased I interviewed someone I do not know. In this way I have no idea regarding his sexual views. I went to a community park where all sorts and types of teens usually hangout during non-school days. I found a prospect in a group of boys who were dancing beside a stage. The person I interviewed volunteered to answer the questionnaire. He strikes me as a happy go lucky teen. He dresses nicely and smells good although he had been sweating because of their dance practice (he informed me that his group will be joining a dance contest in their community). He smiles easily and seems not to take my interview seriously at first.

An Open Innovation Business Model Commerce Essay

An Open Innovation Business Model Commerce Essay It is very important to know what innovation is before we can further proceed in answering the question. An innovation is a product or service with a bundle of features that is new in the market, or that is commercialized in some new way that opens up new uses and consumer groups for it. Innovation is invention implemented and taken to market (Chesbrough 2003). Invention however is the creation of something that was previously unknown (Chesbrough, Vanhaverbeke et al. 2006). In summary, INNOVATION= INVENTION+COMMERCIALIZATION. Today companies who, want to deliver consistent organic growth to their shareholders, customers, and their employees can do that only through innovation (Chesbrough 2006). So what is â€Å"Open Innovation†? Illustration 1: Concept of open innovation â€Å"Open innovation is the use of purposive inflows and outflows of knowledge to accelerate internal innovation, and expand the markets for external use of innovation, respectively. [This paradigm] assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as they look to advance their technology.† (Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm). As mentioned by Chesbrough, there are a total of 5 paths to â€Å"Open Innovation†. Firstly, the old fashion model. It work like a fortress, the firm will take ideas internally to market. This path works the same as a closed innovation concept. The second path would be opening up the abilities for others. This can be achieved by bringing in ideas internally; ideas that does not fit into the firm business but might be useful for others. The third path would be acquiring ideas externally. Ideas are everywhere; firms can acquire ideas from university, individuals, start-up companies and etc. They can then come out with new opportunities and solutions using these acquired knowledge by taking them to a new market; a market that the firm might not have got ten into. The forth path would be to bring in external technologies and ideas to fill the gap that the firm might be facing problem with. Without open innovation, companies might need to use more resources to fill the gap. Lastly, an internal project that does not look promising until a certain level of development can be taken out and allow the team to continue working on it outside. This process can help to raise new money, acquire new customer and hire new employees (Specialist) to further develop the project. At certain point, if it seems feasible and viable, firms have the option to bring the project back if it turns out to be strategically interesting. The 5 paths are very important in helping use to understand why firms are moving towards the open innovation business model. The opposite of Open Innovation-The Closed Innovation In order to understand â€Å"Open Innovation† better, we will need to know the opposite of it- the â€Å"Closed Innovation†. In short, â €Å"Close Innovation† is a paradigm that successful innovation requires control and ownership of the Intellectual property (IP). A company should have full control of everything that relates to ideas. Some companies therefore decided to run their own research and development (R&D) units. The entire new product development cycle was then incorporated within the company where innovation was done in a â€Å"closed† and self-supporting way (Wikipedia).

1 day diet diary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

1 day diet diary - Essay Example The recording of the foods eaten was done immediately after eating and some were done just before eating. In most cases I did the latter rather than the former method. The quantities were first recorded in a rough draft before being transferred to the diet diary. The weights of the foods were measured by various means depending on the type of food. The fish was weighed using a weighing to determine its weight. The weight of the rice was estimated from the value provided on the packet. The weight of the cake was per the value I got from the bakery when I bought it. For the drinks the amount was measured by the use of measuring cylinder. The accuracy of my recordings and measurement is of a recommendable status but it’s not utterly accurate to the point. The reason for it not being very accurate is that some of the measurements were estimated especially for the foods that I bought, as I relied on the information provided by the seller. However, as per my opinion most of the recordings were accurate. My general strategy for improving the diet is by first and foremost cutting on the amount of sugary stuff that I take on a daily basis. The other way of improving my diet is including some vegetables into the diet diary. This is in order for me to have a high-fiber diet. Dietary fiber is mainly found in fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains. Fiber or roughage is generally well known for its ability to prevent constipation. Some of the other benefits of a fiber include :( mayo clinic, [online]) Water is also vital in keeping one healthy; hence, I have to include it in my diet. Water helps in washing away waste products and poisonous substance (toxins) from our systems. It is so unfortunate that many people are dehydrated; this is can be attributed to the fact that they either don’t know or ignore the value of water in our bodies. It is of great importance to note the

Corporate Social Responsibility In Organizations & the Community Research Paper

Corporate Social Responsibility In Organizations & the Community - Research Paper Example The governments of the United States (local, state and federal) participate significantly in addressing crime issues. The governments have a moral and social responsibility to ensure observance of all regulations and laws, and to develop a safe and harmonious American society. In most cases, the federal government is responsible for initiating the basic features of law development and enforcement (Lagarde, 1994). The federal governments also play critical roles in the provision of resources to the state and local institutions, whose key function is to adopt and implement the law. The research also analyzes the survey data that explains the public policy issue of crime in the present political context. A key survey finding illustrates that the Democrats are likely to increase the levels of crime. On the same note, the African American and also the Suburban democrats greatly explain that reduction in the crime levels is the most important issues that should be addressed by the governments of the United States (Woll, 1974). This finding is very unique and interesting, because the suburban democrats did not illustrate in the survey that the crime levels are increasing. Policies can be made to govern or control any concept or issue in the society. Usually, the reason for the policy making is a problem in the society that requires a solution which can only be achieved by setting up goals and objectives. In our society, there are a number of problems which cannot be solved on an individual basis. They require the input of a group which potentially is the whole community. It is the responsibility of the society to ensure that its moral values are upheld. It is often only logical that if an elder member of the society finds teenagers misbehaving, they should correct them and probably see to it that the teenagers revere their mistakes (Jay, 2014). However, the contemporary society denotes everything in a different manner. People like

Marketing Plan and Questionnaire Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Plan and Questionnaire - Assignment Example Political aspect †¢ Stability in the political environment within the United Kingdom America. †¢ Democracy been practiced in the political processes. †¢ Cordial relationship across the globe. †¢ Political regime has created a conducive environment for business people through political goodwill. Economic aspect †¢ The GDP of the United Kingdom has improved from 1.7% in 2013 to 2.6% in 2014. †¢ The inflation rate in the United Kingdom is relatively low. currently at 1.8% †¢ Formation of trade blocs such as EU. †¢ The unemployment rate in UK has dropped to 5.5% while the wage rise by 2%. †¢ Per capita income of the United Kingdom has increased from $41,776.80 in 2013 to $45,603.30 in 2014 Social aspect †¢ The population in the United Kingdom and the globe is increasing. †¢ There are different age groups in the UK who demand different products. †¢ There are different social-classes i.e. Upper class, middle-class, and lower class . History aspect †¢ Nightwear have been worn in the UK for a long time ever since 1880s. Technological aspect †¢ Designing of nightwear should satisfy the clients †¢ Production processes involved should be efficient has technology evolves. †¢ Enhancement in the Platform for conducting business e.g. online marketing. †¢ Transfer and adoptability of technology in apparel industry. †¢ Cost versus benefit of a given technology need to be analyzed. Environment aspect

Environmental Science and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Science and Design - Essay Example The town of Dhamra is a small business centre with a fishing jetty and trawler base. The proposed port site is a unique habitat in that it has long stretches of inter-tidal mudflats from the site up till the river mouth. Orissa is home to a high diversity of marine and reptilian life. Of the seven species of marine turtles, five species are found in India. Of these, four are reported to occur in the coastal waters of Orissa. They are the Leatherback, the Green, the Hawksbill and the Olive Ridley, of which the Olive Ridley is the most common. Orissa is witness to the famous mass nesting or arribada year after year. The earliest report of the arribada at the beaches of Gahirmatha was made in the 1970's. It is the world's largest nesting ground of sea turtles. From 1975 onwards a 100,000 to 700,000 nesting turtles came to Gahirmatha every year. The nesting beach is a protected area that forms part of the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park. The near shore breeding area was also given protected area status by the State Government in 1997 and is known as the Gahirmatha (Marine) Wildlife Sanctuary. The biodiversity of the port site includes sea turtles, snakes, mammals, Avifauna, Amphibian fauna, corals, marine shells, macro fauna, fishes, mangroves. Macro fauna, due to their interactions with sediments, are known to influence the productive potential of the system. Certain macro faunal communities serve as feed items for economically important and edible fin fishes and shell fishes. Further, macro and mega faunal species are now being perceived as reservoirs/ generators of bio-active substances that have applications in modern marine pharmaceuticals. The mangroves on Kanika Sands provide protection and stabilisation of the inter-tidal landscape from natural calamities and cyclonic floods. They also provide an optimum habitat for some threatened animals and serves as a nursery ground for many fishes, crabs and other animals thousands of fisherfolk from all categories of fishing communities are dependent on the marine resources of Orissa for their livelihoods.thus it’s really a paradise on earth â€Å"a rich natural wealth†. The Dhamra Port Company (DPCL) located north of the mouth of river Dhamra in Orissa is a 50:50 joint venture of L&T and Tata Steel. It is deepest all-weather port of its kind in India with a draught of 18.5 meters, which can accommodate super-cape size vessels up to 180,000 DWT. This will be a boon to the mineral hinterland of north Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Chattisgarh which are in close proximity to the port and where a large number of steel plants and mineral based industries are located besides many more which are on the anvil. The Dhamra Port Project signifies the coming together of the largest steel industry in the private sector and the largest engineering and construction major. The port is located less than 5 km. from the Bhitarkanika Sanctuary (a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance) and less than 14 km. from the mass nesting beaches of the Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary. The Dhamra port has a long and controversial history. The area was originally notified for inclusion in the Bhitarkanika National Park in October 1988. In June 1997, the Orissa state government officially instructed that the Dhamra area be excluded from the proposed Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary. In December 1997, a fresh draft notification was issued for Bhitarkanika Nati

Security & Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Security & Risk Management - Essay Example The studies of risk perception and risk management have resulted in the development of different psychological models of risk perception. These models play an important role in understanding the behavior of the people toward risk and their reactions. This paper discusses these very models along with their advantages and limitations. The paper begins with a brief discussion on security management as it is important to first understand the nature of the topic. This is followed by another brief discussion on risk perception which provides the base for the paper. After that, the psychological models of risk perception are discussed in general. The psychometric paradigm is discussed in particular as it is one of the main models of risk perception and perhaps the oldest. After that the advantages of these models are discussed followed by its limitations for the security managers. In the end, the conclusion of the paper is given. Security management is a broad term which is used to refer to securing different types of assets of an organization, including the security of the information of an organization. It is the job of the security manager to identify the assets of an organization that need to be secured. Once these assets are identified, it is then required that the security manager develops policies to ensure the safety of these assets and introduce procedures and guideline which are to be followed for an effective security management. Managing risks is also an important part of security management which rather difficult as it includes identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks. A wrong prioritization can result in a grave situation. Therefore, the security managers are always under great pressure to make the right decision which is influenced by a number of psychological and social factors that vary in different situations. The security managers

American Ideology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Ideology - Essay Example Politics, like diplomacy, is the art of the postponement of hostilities, in the way people try to resolve their political, economic, and ideological differences. However, it is a fact that people will still try to bicker and debate on their differences despite the best efforts, because some people have a hard set of ideas or ideologies which cannot be swayed. This is in effect the essence of democracy, in which various ideas are welcomed and tolerated. Ideology can range from the extreme left (very liberal) to the middle to the extreme right (conservative) and this brief essay is a position paper as it examines both these two ideologies. Discussion Ideas are rarely truly original or innovative, most of these ideas are either influenced by earlier ideas or mere improvements or adaptations of much earlier ideas in human history. In this regard, history works in only a one-way street, which means earlier ideas can influence later ideas, as people go through their lives and human history unfolds in a deterministic way. This philosophy postulates that every human idea, action, and decision is a consequence from prior events or antecedent state of affairs. Along this line, history and ideology works in the same way; nothing exists in a vacuum and both Hitler and Einstein were also influenced. Question No. 1 – socialism is an economic, political, and social principle which states that the general public (the common masses) should own and control public properties or the so-called commons (the natural resources open to everybody for exploitation and their use); it further advocates public ownership of the means of production in society, such that there will be no private ownership of these same means of production for goods and services. Socialism is an adverse reaction to excesses of a free-market capitalism which arose out of the Industrial Revolution in England back in the eighteenth century; it (the Industrial Revolution) changed the wealth paradigm from own ership of vast tracts of land to ownership of the means of production, namely the new factories and assembly lines. This is a new economic system but the new class of capitalists exploited the masses of laborers by hiring them at subsistence wages, working in unsafe or unsanitary conditions, no minimum working hours and no minimum or living wage, the widespread use of child labor, and the repression of progressive social ideas such as labor unions or in not letting the workers' voice be represented or heard. Socialism therefore is in opposition to the main and cherished ideals of capitalism that are centered on egoism and self-preservation through the so-called â€Å"invisible hand† of Adam Smith in which free markets are supposed to be self-regulating and all are to be supposedly benefited by the profit motive. But modern economics show this does not really always work out as envisioned because capitalism implies fierce competition in free markets and this leads to undue wea lth accumulation by a few individuals (the capitalists or new elites of society). Modern economics always struggle with issues of scarcity and socialism is the best way to solve it. Albert Einstein believed that humans are capable of going beyond Veblen’s so-called â€Å"predatory phase† in the collective human experience of social development, which is reason for socialism to be adopted as the best system for human society. Reason is the key to achieving the social-ethical

Ampalaya Coffee Essay Example for Free

Ampalaya Coffee Essay This investigatory project aims to prepare and also to make a coffee from the â€Å" Ampalaya Seeds†. We know that Ampalaya or also known as Bitter melon is known for as its bitterness and astringent taste , the bitter melon can see everywhere. This investigatory project encourage us students to make a coffee, as an alternative product . This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of the ampalaya seeds as coffee. The researchers used powdered Ampalaya seeds in this study. After researching and collecting the raw materials, the researchers were able to begin the experimentation. The coffee was obtained by drying, grinding, and roasting the seeds of ampalaya, and boiled. After boiling, the coffee was manually extracted with the use of a clean cloth. The study focuses on producing coffee out of ampalaya seeds. It does not aimed to determine which coffee (ampalaya seeds vs. commercial coffee) has more nutritional value or which is more nutritious. II. Acknowledgement. We would like to thank to the following person that are help us to start and to continuing this our Investigatory Project ,including the following to our ALMIGHTY GOD that help us and give us strength and knowledge to explain the main idea of this investigatory project . To our parents and also our friend who give us supports to finish our Investigatory Project. For our parents that supplies our needs , including the financial needs . THANK YOU !!!!!! Chapter 1: Introduction In our modern generation , many people in our country used coffee especially our grandparents and also our parents. Coffee is known as beverage to the majority of the people. It is known for its stimulating effect on the functions of the brain , thus making the drinker active . Variants of coffee flavors were already produced all throughout the world aiming for the discovery of alternative sources of coffee production . The coffee from ampalaya seeds help us to earn and save money . A. Background of the study Coffee alternatives have been famous since the last two decades due to economic crisis and experimentations for health and medical benefits. Any seeds that are edible when powdered can be used as an alternative source for coffee. The difference of the generic coffee from the seeds of the coffee plant from those of the alternatives is that it has a good amount of caffeine content. The similarity you can find in the alternatives and those of the original is that seeds contain carbohydrates which cause the aroma in roasted coffee. Ampalaya, on the other hand, is a crawling vine that grows mostly on tropical countries like the Philippines. It is said to be rich in iron, potassium, beta-carotene and other nutrients. It is also famous in treating diabetes because of its properties like polypeptide-P; a plant insulin that can lower blood sugar levels. Many researches on agricultural food chemistry convey that it provides nutritionally significant amounts of nutrients, minerals and amino acids that are needed for life. B. Objectives of the study B1. General Objectives 1. To determine if the ampalaya seeds have considerable characteristics of the products in terms of color, aroma, taste, and acidity. B2. Specific Objectives 1. To produce coffee using ampalaya seeds as the main ingredient. 2. To determine and compare the levels of acceptability of the coffee samples. C. Hypotheses NULL 1. There is no significant difference among the different ampalaya coffee samples developed in terms of their color, aroma, and taste. ALTERNATIVE 1. There is no significant difference among the different ampalaya coffee samples developed in terms of their acceptability. D. Significance of the study Momordica Charantia or ampalaya seeds contain iron and folic acid which are essential for the production of the red blood cells and the formulation of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Coffee is usually drunk hot, black or with cream and sugar and also drunk cold as iced coffee, specially summer. People are used of drinking coffee every morning to warmth their body and at night to avoid being sleepy. But coffee contains a stimulant called caffeine. The result of this will determine if the coffee made from ampalaya seeds can be use as a substitute for the commercial coffee. This study aimed to produce coffee using ampalaya seeds as substitute. The study was important because ampalaya is abundant in the Philippines. The product may be an anti-diabetes coffee but it is not the main concern of the study. Everybody can benefit of the result of the study unless a coffee drinker. It would recycle the ampalaya seeds instead of being thrown away which a lot of people consider it as waste. E. Scope and limitation The proposed study was limited to producing coffee out of ampalaya (Momordica charantia Linn. ) seeds. Three samples were prepared with different ampalaya seed concentration and same amount of water for comparison purposes in which one of the samples was pure commercial coffee. The samples were processed by the basic methods of making coffee: roasting, grinding, and brewing.

The Rayleigh Ritz Method Computer Science Essay

The Rayleigh Ritz Method Computer Science Essay The given assignment is done with the soul purpose of developing an intense knowledge and understanding of vibrational behaviour and dynamic response of structures. The assignment aims to apply up to date methods of structural dynamics in aerospace and aerospace system engineering. Here we use Rayleigh-Ritz method and Finite Element method to obtain the natural frequency and mode shape of the given cantilever beam. 1. Rayleigh-Ritz Method Rayleigh-Ritz method is an extension of the Rayleigh method which was developed by the Swiss mathematician and physicist Walter Ritz. Its one of the widely used method to calculate more accurate value of fundamental frequency, further it also gives approximations to the higher frequencies and mode shapes. In the Ritz method the single shape function is replaced by a series of shape functions multiplied by constant coefficients, that is the single function of deflection choose in Rayleigh method is assumed to be a sum of several functions multiplied by constant coefficients. The coefficients values are modified by reducing the frequency with respect to each of the coefficients, which result in n algebraic equations in. The solution of these equations will give the value of natural frequency and mode shapes of the system. It should be taken into account that the success of the method is only possible so long as the shape function taken satisfies the geometric boundary conditions of the problem. The method should also be differentiable to the order of the derivatives of the equations. Here the function can ignore discontinuities like shear due to concentrated masses that involve third derivatives in beam. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is done by assuming the deflection curve of the beam by The function are the assumed displacement functions that satisfy geometrical boundary conditions. For a cantilever beam the boundary conditions are They are selected such that it is possible to obtain a good approximation to each of the required natural modes by superposition. The quantities are generalized coordinates representing contributions of each assumed functions. For a beam divided into à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ºn span wise stations the total differential equation can be formulate using Lagrange equation as Putting as a solution , where the amplitude of the displacement is, is the frequency and is the phase angle. This set of characteristics equations can be solved for n discrete values of . This equation can easily be put into a matrix form for numerical calculation as For a beam divided into n span wise station the mass and stiffness terms can be formulated into matrices as Where = matrix of assumed modes = mass matrix = matrix of weighting coefficients = rigidity matrix Hence we write as The above equation is considered to be convenient for computation, but has limitations in the manner of expressing the strain energy. Given Data Length L=1.5 Modulus of Elasticity E=74 GPa Poissons Ratio P=0.33 Material density The depth of the beam tapers uniformly from 0.3 at the fixed end to 0.1 at the free end. The breadth of the beam tapers uniformly from 0.02 at the fixed end to 0.005 at the free end. The assumed modes are given by the polynomial function: MATLAB Operation >> L=1.5 L = 1.5000 >>x=[0,0.15,0.3,0.45,0.6,0.75,0.9,1.05,1.2,1.35,1.5] x = 0 0.1500 0.3000 0.4500 0.6000 0.7500 0.9000 1.0500 1.2000 1.3500 1.5000 >> s=x/L s = 0 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000 0.7000 0.8000 0.9000 1.0000 >> V1= 2*s.^2-(4/3)*s.^3+(1/3)*s.^4 V1 = 0 0.0187 0.0699 0.1467 0.2432 0.3542 0.4752 0.6027 0.7339 0.8667 1.0000 >> V2=(10/3)*s.^3-(10/3)*s.^4+s.^5 V2 = 0 0.0030 0.0217 0.0654 0.1382 0.2396 0.3658 0.5111 0.6690 0.8335 1.0000 >> V=[V1;V2] V = 0 0.0187 0.0699 0.1467 0.2432 0.3542 0.4752 0.6027 0.7339 0.8667 1.0000 0 0.0030 0.0217 0.0654 0.1382 0.2396 0.3658 0.5111 0.6690 0.8335 1.0000 >> dV1=(1/(L.^2))*(4-8*s+4*(s.^2)) dV1 = 1.7778 1.4400 1.1378 0.8711 0.6400 0.4444 0.2844 0.1600 0.0711 0.0178 0 >> dV2= (1/(L.^2))*(20*s-40*(s.^2)+20*(s.^3)) dV2 = 0 0.7200 1.1378 1.3067 1.2800 1.1111 0.8533 0.5600 0.2844 0.0800 0 >> dV=[dV1;dV2] dV = 1.7778 1.4400 1.1378 0.8711 0.6400 0.4444 0.2844 0.1600 0.0711 0.0178 0 0 0 .7200 1.1378 1.3067 1.2800 1.1111 0.8533 0.5600 0.2844 0.0800 0 Weighting matrix can be formulated using Trapezoidal rule, Simpsons rule and Lagranges Interpolation formula. By Lagranges interpolation formula if the beam is divided into 10 equal elements with spacing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ºd then weighting matrix is computed as: MATLAB Operation >> d=0.15 d = 0.1500 >> W1=(d/3.7266)*[1,6.616,-3.020,16.954,-16.216,26.599,-16.216,16.954, -3.020, 6.616,1] W1 = 0.0403 0.2663 -0.1216 0.6824 -0.6527 1.0706 -0.6527 0.6824 -0.1216 0.2663 0.0403 >> W=diag(W1) W = 0.0403 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.1216 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6824 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.6527 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0706 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.6527 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6824 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.1216 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0403 Mass matrix is a diagonal matrix representing the mass per unit length at the eleven span wise stations. The matrix can be calculated by Material density = 2700 The depth of the beam at a station with a distance x from the fixed end is given by Depth Similarly the breadth of the beam at a station with a distance x from the fixed end is given by Breadth MATLAB Operation >> h=0.3-(s*0.2) h = 0.3000 0.2800 0.2600 0.2400 0.2200 0.2000 0.1800 0.1600 0.1400 0.1200 0.1000 >> b=0.02-(s*0.015) b = 0.0200 0.0185 0.0170 0.0155 0.0140 0.0125 0.0110 0.0095 0.0080 0.0065 0.0050 >> m=2700*diag(b)*diag(h) m = 16.2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.9860 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.9340 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.0440 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.3160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.7500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.3460 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.1040 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.0240 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.1060 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.3500 The Second moment of area of the beam is given by MATLAB Operation >> I=diag(h)*(diag(b).^3)/12 I = 1.0e-006 * 0.2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1477 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1064 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0745 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0503 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0326 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0060 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0027 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0010 Rigidity matrix is the diagonal matrix that gives the product of modulus of elasticity and the second moment of area of the beam about the neutral axis. EI=74000000000*I EI = 1.0e+004 * 1.4800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0933 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7877 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5511 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3723 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2409 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1477 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0846 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0442 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0203 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0077 Substituting in Rayleigh-Ritz equation: This gives Simplifying The above equation is a quadratic in , which can be solved = Result: The approximate values of the first and second natural frequencies of the given beam under flexural vibrations, by the use of Rayleigh- Ritz method, was found to be 2. Mode shapes Consider the equation Substituting the values of in the above equation and simplifying The column matrix that represents the mode shape at the eleven stations is obtained by putting, = 0.0578 Substituting the value of in the above equation and simplifying The column matrix that represents the mode shape at the eleven stations is obtained by putting, = 0.0693 3. Finite Element Method Finite Element Method (FEM) is considered to be one of the profound developments in the static and dynamics analysis of continuous systems. It provides a discrete approximation to vibration of continuous systems. The finite element method can be developed as a special case of the Rayleigh -Ritz method. The method was originally developed for the static- stress analysis of complex distributed parameter structures. Now a days FEM is widely applied to disciplines of heat transfer, electro magnetics, fluid flow and vibrations. In finite element method the structure is divided into a large number of small but finite parts called elements which are interconnected at points called nodes. For each element a displacement function is assumed which satisfies the geometric boundary condition so that continuity is achieved between the elements. The variations in displacement of each element( which can be linear, quadratic etc.), are assumed over the length of the element. This method allows the displacement of any point in the element to be expressed in terms of the displacement at the end of the element. These displacements by finite element terminology are called nodal variables. Unlike Rayleigh-Ritz in finite element method the global coordinate is replaced by a local coordinate where is the length of the element. The kinetic and strain energy of the element is obtained by integrating along the elements length, in terms of the nodal variables. By superposing the energies contributed by the individual elements into which the structure is divided, we can obtain the kinetic and strain energy of the structure or system in terms of the nodal variables of the whole structure. The finite element method is mainly based on variational principles. The method is considered very much versatile and can be used to physical problems with arbitrary shapes, loads and support conditions. The finite element model has a close resemblance to the actual structure. Many general finite element code packages have been written over the years with user friendly windows and menus (GUI) which allow for easy geometry setup, boundary condition manipulation and evaluation/post processing of common structural problems. Some of the most popular codes in the industry are ANSYS, MSC Nastran and MARC. ANSYS will be the code used for this assignment. ANSYS Operation Define Material Step 1: Set preferences Preferences are set in order to filter quantities that pertain to this discipline. Step 2: Define constant material properties. Modulus of elasticity, Poissons ratio and Density are defined. Step 3:- Modeling Create the beam with required geometry. Generating Mesh Step 4: Define element type Two element types are defined: a 2-D element and a 3-D element. The beam cross-sectional area is meshed with 2-D elements, and then the area is to be extruded to create a 3-D volume. The mesh will be extruded along with the geometry so 3-D elements will automatically be created in the volume. Step 5: Mesh the area Mesh control are specified in order to obtain a particular mesh density. Element edge length is set at 0.01 Note: Mesh density is very important. If the mesh is too coarse your result can contain serious errors. If the mesh is too fine, would cause waste of computer resources, experience excessively long run time, the model may be too large to be run on the computer system. Unfortunately it cannot be definitively specified how fine the mesh density should be. But one way to find out is to perform the analysis with what seems to be a reasonable mesh. Then reanalyse the problem with twice as many elements in the critical region and compare the results. If the two mesh give the same result then the mesh probably be adequate. If there is substantial difference between the two results then further refinement of the mesh is required. Step 6:- Extrude the meshed area into a meshed volume. The 3-D volume is generated by first changing the element type to SOLID 45, which is defined as element type 2, and then extruding the area into a volume. The number of element divisions is set as 10 Offsets of extrusion are set as 0, 0, 1.5 Tapering ratio is given as 0.33333, 0.25, 0 Apply loads Step 7:- Unselect 2-D elements Before applying constraints to the fixed end of the wing, unselect all the PLANE42 elements used in the 2-D area mesh since they will not be used for the analysis. Step 8:- Apply constraints to the model Constraints will be applied to all nodes located where the wing is fixed to the body. Select all nodes at z = 0, then apply the displacement constraints. Obtain Solution Step 9:- Specify analysis type and options Specify a modal analysis type. Number of modes to be extracted is given as 5 Number of modes to be expanded is given as 5 Step 10:- Solve Observe results Step 11:-List natural frequencies ***** INDEX OF DATA SETS ON RESULTS FILE ***** SET TIME/FREQ LOAD STEP SUBSTEP CUMULATIVE 1 11.964 1 1 1 2 40.840 1 2 2 3 100.05 1 3 3 4 144.08 1 4 4 5 182.70 1 5 5 Step 12:- Animate the two mode shapes. Set the results for the first mode to be animated. Observe the first mode shape. Animate the next mode shape. Observe the second mode shape. Repeat the same procedure to obtain the other three mode shapes. First Mode Shape Second Mode Shape Third Mode Shape Fourth Mode Shape Fifth Mode Shape 4. Comparison of Rayleigh-Ritz Method and Finite Element Method Rayleigh-Ritz method Rayleigh-Ritz method uses the principle of conservation of energy to formulate the matrix equation.one major advantage of this method is that it allows us to neglect the non-applied forces like forces at a point of rolling contact, forces at frictionless guides etc. Considering the method to be an extension of the Rayleigh method it has an improved accuracy by assuming the deflection curve of the beam to be Nevertheless the assumed function should satisfy all the boundary conditions and should be linearly independent. This can be easily achieved by using polynomial expression to derive the deflection function. Disadvantages and limitations The selection of assumed deflection function requires a good knowledge and expertise of the method Good approximation of the true natural modes are only possible as the assumed function are limited in numbers and nature All n modal solutions will not give a good approximation to the true mode, so it is necessary to discard some higher frequency modes. The approximations are only good for lower modes and it becomes worse for higher modes. The major limitation of this method is in the manner in which the strain energy can be expressed. Finite Element Method The finite element method (its practical application is often as Finite Element Analysis)is a powerful technique developed in the analysis of complex structural mechanics. In this method the structure is divided into large number of finite parts or elements which are interconnected at points called nodes. The elements will have properties like thickness, Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio etc. An assumption is made over the variation over the length of the element. This allows to find the displacement at any point in the given structure by introducing Disadvantages and limitations The method is not considered convenient for simple structures. Its a time consuming operation. Its accuracy depends on the number of elements the structure is divided. It does not provide a closed-form solution, denying analytical study of the effects of changing parameters. It needs a reliable program for support. Creating a good model requires experience. A good amount of data are required and voluminous output must be sorted and studied. Comparison of results Obtained by Rayleigh-Ritz Method Obtained by Finite Element Method % Difference 0.77% 26.82% There is difference of 26.82% for the second frequency of the system. The value obtained by the Rayleigh-Ritz method can be brought closer to accuracy by increasing the number of assumed functions and by improving their nature. Normally the approximation becomes worse as we move to higher modes .With use of only two assumed functions, the solutions obtained are considered to be satisfactory. Errors in Rayleigh-Ritz method To use the method with ease the assumed functions are kept as simple as possible by using simple polynomial functions and at fewer times only the functions of sine and cosine are used. There is no exact answer as to which function the good approximate value can be obtained. There are always some terms omitted in the function which results to an ineffective solution. This method is considered to be inflexible as the actual displacement of the structure is restricted to only the shape generated by superposing the finite number of functions selected by the analyst. Recommendation to improve Rayleigh-Ritz method The iterative process can be carried out with each time adding the term in the assumed function until it gives the exact value. Errors in Finite Element method Distorted mesh can result in flawed stiffness and mass terms Errors are always presented at joints and constrained boundaries due to uncertainty. Recommendation to improve Finite Element method Iterative method has to be applied to see the number of elements actually required to break down the structure so as to obtain more accurate value. Appropriate methods should be employed for remeshing like HYPERMESH, Mesh++ based on a posterior error. CONCLUSION The first and second natural frequencies of the given beam are found out by using both Rayleigh-Ritz method and Finite element method, and mode shapes for these frequencies are drawn.

Geography of Belize :: Essays Papers

Geography of Belize Belize which was formerly known as British Honduras until 1981 is an 8,867 acre plot of land located in Central America. The territory covered by Belize is slightly smaller than the state of Massachusetts (Gall 45). Mexico surrounds Belize to the north, Guatemala to the southwest and the Caribbean Sea to the east. The population of Belize conists of approximately 256,000 people. Rougly seventy-one percent of Belize's population resides in cities such as Belize City, San Ignacio, and Punta Gorda. The remaining population lives in rural areas (Krutzinna 66-67). Belize's climate is tropical and humid throughout most of the year. The rainy season falls between the months of May and October. THe average temperature along the Belizean coast is 78.8Â °, while temperatures rise inland. The hurricane season is the most influential climatic element to Belize's environment and well being, which lasts from July to October. For example, the capital city of Belize was moved from coastal Belize City to Belmopan central Belize in 1971 because of the extensive damage caused by Hurricane Hattie in 1961 (Krutzinna 105). Belmopan has been Belize's captial since 1971. It is seated in the center of Belize on the Belize River, half way between the coastal Belize City and the Belize- Guatemalan border town of San Ignacio. The capital has not become the bustling metropolis that Belize City continues to be, but it does provide a train station for travelers as well as cultural buildings for some light sight-seeing. Belmopan, Belize is geographically and politically important to Belize, however, it is still not the center of Belizean culture and economy (Krutzinna 105-106). Forests and woodlands cover about ninety-two percent of Belize's terrain (Marshall 447). These forests and woodlands are home to seven hundered species of trees and approximately four thousand species of flowering plants. Among the seven hundred species of trees living in the forests and woodlands are mahogany, pine, cedar and rosewood. Belize exports much of its mahogany, pine and cedar woods, which directly affects the issue of deforestation it is currently facing from the abundance of trees that have been cut down in the past (Gall 49). Deforestation has become an important topic in Belize since many of its trees have been cut down for sale on the international market.

I Was Saved by Music Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about myself

The only thing I ever remember feeling as a child is terror and complete isolation. It began with a slap on my face by a hand twice its size, a two-inch cowhide leather belt that left whets, and the hateful and vicious words that cut to the core of my young and fragile soul. There were intimate touches upon my person by someone who should have known better. Piece by piece I began to die inside. The monster started to visit me in the night. When the lights were out, the floor of my room turned into a pool full of water. Snakes, long and fat, slid through the dirty brown water, their black beady eyes staring at me as they hissed. I lay frozen in my bed calling for my mom. She cut on the light and said there are no snakes-you are being silly-go back to sleep. But when she cut out the lights and shut my door, the snakes would always come back. I stayed awake as long as I could, but sleep would always overtake my tired eyes. Then the rats would come, not the kind of rats you find in a science lab but huge ones, larger than cats: rats with long tails the size of broom handles and teeth like blades on a rake. Their black beady eyes awoke me in terror, unable to scream. I knew I could not call Mom as I had before. She did not seem to understand that the rats were real. I needed for her to make them go away, but she could not or would not help me get rid of these monsters that were coming to kill me. I was on my own in The Land of Terror and Pain. The Land of Terror and Pain was also filled with sounds that caused me to tremble with fear. There were the sounds of Mom and Dad fighting, the sound of my brother as he cried and begged for mercy as my father beat him. The sound I feared the most was when Dad would fo... ...There are days I know I get busy running from place to place, errand to errand, and I forget to be alive. I lose sight of all that is important, forget about my dreams and goals, and miss all the beauty that surrounds me. On these days, I turn on my stereo, put in the tape, dim the lights, close my eyes, and push the play button. Once again as the music starts, I am rocketed to the Land of the Living, where all people are alive. At times I sit in complete stillness and just listen, letting the melody carry me away. At other times I dance, my eyes closed, my body swaying to the rhythm of the beat. But at different times, I laugh or let the tears of sadness fall. It does not matter what I do when I hear the music, because the same thing always happens when it starts to play. I am made whole, and all wounds are healed. It is then I feel, and then I am alive.

The Harlem Drag Culture :: History Culture Cultural Essays

The Harlem Drag Culture Foucault, Moraga, Fuss, hooks, Butler. These authors, along with many more, have concerned themselves with the defining of categories. In reading these authors our class has, upon every occasion of meeting, discussed the formation of categories. What we have discovered, in part, is that things are not defined by what they are, but by what they are not. Diana Fuss, in her article "Inside/Out," states "any identity is founded relationally, constituted in reference to an exterior or outside that defines the subject's own interior boundaries and corporeal surfaces" (Fuss, "Inside/Out," 234). A common example of this, derived from Freud, is that males are defined by their having a penis, while females are defined by their lack of one. Defining identity is not necessarily so binary. As Cherrà ­e Moraga puts it "Call me something meant to set me apart from you and I will know who I am" (Moraga, "The Breakdown of the Bicultural Mind," 237). The subcultures of American society, cultures that are not part of the white patriarchy, are defined by how they differ from this white patriarchy. Our class was privileged to be introduced to one subculture found in Harlem during the late 1980s through the documentary Paris is Burning by Jennie Livingston (1992). This documentary captured the lives of men who lived outside the dominant culture. They had several strikes against them: they were Latino and African American, they were homosexual, and many of them were poor, sometimes even homeless. These men came together to form a kinship network, in the form of houses, to protect and support one another. Out of this milieu developed drag balls, balls in which the men dressed up and competed in different categories, such as "executive," "realness," and "voguing." The object of most of these categories was to mimic dominant society by looking like the heterogeneous members of the white patriarchy. After watching Paris is Burning, reading critiques of it, listening to class discussions, and processing through my own thoughts about the film that I have come to struggle with an extremely large tension I am confronted with in thinking about the drag ball subculture of Harlem. Is the mimicking of dominant society by this culture a way of subverting it or is it supporting and perpetuating the white patriarchal ideal? Do these men redefine dominant society in their own terms and take control of it?

Organising Learning Essay

Furthermore, another area of concern for me is managing behaviour in the classroom. In my opinion, managing behaviour is a partnership between the teacher and the children. The teacher must be the authority figure in the classroom. I feel this is achieved once trust and respect is formed. Once routine is learned and the children know what is expected from them, a lot of pressure is taken off the teacher. In school, the children were constantly encouraged to put their hands up. If they called out the teacher would respond quickly and ask them to put their hand up. Therefore, I have found that unwanted behaviour should either be ignored or dealt with rapidly to reduce further problems. It is they teachers responsibility to decide how to handle a situation. The school has a behaviour policy which the whole school follows. I feel this is a valuable document and offers guidelines to handling challenging behaviour. The teacher uses smiley or sad faces on the board as a management strategy. In my whole school experience only saw three sad faces which was amazing. The Overall behaviour of the children was very good as the teacher used praise, smiley faces, well done points and stickers on a regular basis to encourage good behaviour. The children thought very highly of the teacher and tried hard to please her. I tried to use the teachers classroom management strategies as the children were familiar with them and the children responded to the in a positive wing the very lucky teaching the class as they showed a genuine interest in my lesson and behaved extremely well for me. I feel this was because I tried to make it interesting. I tried to pitch the lesson to their level so they could relate it to their experiences. Meeting the needs of individual children is a constant challenge. Some children may need individual help all the time and there are some children who have special educational needs. Therefore, there needs must be planned for and a lot of praise and encouragement is needed to reward their progress, so they don’t feel excluded from the rest of the class. I believe this is extremely important; an effective teacher must be able to meet the individual needs of every child in the classroom. At university I particularly enjoy science and English lectures. The tutors are friendly and approachable which I feel is because they make sure we all understand the lesson. They quickly recognise if any students are struggling with their work and offer different methods of learning. I feel comfortable participating in these lessons as I feel quite confident in the subject. These tutors also give us the opportunity to discuss our thoughts and ideas with each other which I also think is an effective method of learning. I have also found that assessment is a vital part of teaching and this is an area of concern for me. It is especially vital to assess children at the end of each key stage to provide an individual report they can take with them, which highlight their strengths and possible growth points. Although a teacher will know what level their pupils are at, it is now important to have evidence to support their judgmentsDuring my school placement I observed the teacher assessing the children on a regular basis. Questioning the children is an effective method to establish what level the children are at, this is accomplished in an informal manner and the children are not pressured. The teacher built on the results of the assessment during teaching and addressed any misconceptions which the children may have. Another method of testing was seen at the end of each topic, the children answered questions on a worksheet which provided physical evidence to support the teachers judgment. Sometimes check-lists can be used for smaller groups during some activities which have been planned for assessment. I observed year one and year three and upper key stage two. I saw the same behaviour management in all the classes. Year six children were given more responsibility over their time management and behaviour as the expectations were shared with them from the beginning. Year six did not sit on the carpet, all teaching took place at their tables. It helped to see how the children progress and the NNS and NLS is a valuable document which tells teachers how to develop the children’s learning. I am concerned about becoming an effective teacher, and it is vital that all teachers should recognize their strengths and weaknesses. They should reflect on previous lessons and be able to set targets. I feel that teaching is an occupation where the teachers are also learning alongside the children. Sometimes lessons may not go as well as we anticipate or sometimes they may be better than previously thought. All this should be recorded by evaluating our progress after each day and building on our professional development. It is crucial to act upon areas which need improvement. In conclusion, I have highlighted my concerns of becoming an effective teacher. I have included possible ways to improve areas such as classroom management and behaviour. I have also included my school observations for examples of the teacher giving and receiving respect from the children. I have also included forms of assessment and self reflection which are crucial aspects of teaching. In my opinion, teaching is not simply a career, it becomes part of your life. A creative and stimulating teacher would gain great personal satisfaction from this profession and my school placement has confirmed my desires of becoming an effective classroom teacher. It is important for a teacher to be happy, organised and enthusiastic in school, knowing that they are making a difference to a child’s future. Bibliography Collis, M. Lacey, P. (1996), Interactive Approaches To Teaching, London, David Fulton.  Dean, J. (2001), Organising Learning in the Primary Classroom, Third Edition, London, RoutledgeFalmer.  Edwards, D. Mercer, N. (1987), Common Knowledge, London, Methuen

Approaches of OM

Approaches of OM  :Within the past fifteen years or so there has been much studies about the theoretical status of discourse markers (DMS) focusing on what they are ,what they mean and what functions they manifest. Fraser (1999) maintains that teseachers have agreed that DMS are lexical expressions that relate discourse segments , but they have disagreed on how they are defined and what functions they carry. Similar to this view, shourup (1999) argues that there is disagreement on functions on fundamental issues in the study of DMS. researchers are unable to agree on the grammatical category of DMS or how to delimit their class or even what types of meaning these markers express. In order to understand more about DMS in language it is necessary to refer to tow approaches of DMS  :The reliance theory and coherence teased approach1/coherence based approach:Within coherence theory it is assumed DMS play a major role in dis course interpretation by using â€Å"coherence † relations between discourse units. As shourup (1999,p.240) argues that the interpretation of a text, according to the coherence group. Depends on the identification of coherence relations between the units of that text . this group includes researchers who adopt a coherence-based theory. The main figures of this group are Schifrin (1987). Fraser (1988-1990) and redeker (1990-1991).Schifrin (1987) studies the semantic and grammatical status of DMS and their functions . since she belongs to the coherence group, Schifrin states that DMS contribute to the coherence of the text by establishing coherence relationships between units of talk Schifrin (1987,b.9). He adds that DMS indicate that the interpretation of one clause is determined by the information derived from the prior clause .Schifrin proposes that DMS have a coherence role in the sense that they relate informational units in the present discourse with informational units in the prior discourse , this is what Schifrin calls local coherence in her framework; which means that it is local in the sense that DMS link two adjacent units in the text. She states that DMS have both cohesive and structural roles ; structural because they link two (or more) syntactic units, and also cohesive because the interpretation of the utterance depends on the combination of both conjuncts. It can be summarized that Schifrin concentrates on the linguistic and structural role that DMS play to achieve discourse coherence by linking discourse units The second figure of coherence-based theory is Fraser(1999). Similarly to Schifrin, Fraser maintains that DMS contribute to the coherence of a text by indicating coherence relationships between units of talk however, Fraser(1999,938) indicates that DMS do not have to signal any relationship between segment 2 and segment 1 (adjacent segments of talk ).A discourse marker can relate the segment it introduces with any other previous segment in discourse .And this is known as ‘global coherence ,it is contrasted to Schifrin's local coherence . Fraser's (1997-1999) account focuses on pragmatic functions of DMS ;he calls them â€Å"pragmatic markers†. Fraser define DMS in his proposal as they are linguistic element that encode clues which signal the speaker potential communicative intention .2/ Relevance-based account:Sperber and Wilson (1986,1995) have developed the relevance theory. It is a pragmatic model that explain how speakers interpret utterances. It based on cognitive ability of the hearer to interpret the utterance rather the linguistic one. The relevance theory suggests that the mind's central processor is highly effective in holding the information because it is specifically oriented towards the search for relevance (as cited in the use of discourse markers in E.F.L learners writing by ana cristina laluerta Martinez university of Oviedo). The principle of relevance determines that all utterances are ruled by the level of optimal relevance .that is to say ,when a speaker calls a hearer's attention to the utterance . He is claiming that his utterance is relevant enough to deserve the hearer's attention. To discuss deeply the relation between relevance theory and discourse markers , Blakemore should be present Blakemore (1987) argument is that DMS play a crucial role in the interpretation of utterance by providing the hearer/reader with some guidance in the inferential phase to reach the optimal relevance. According to Blakemore (1987), connectives contribute to the interpretation process. Usually a speaker/writer has a specific interpretation of his utterance and to guide the hearer/reader to reach the right interpretation DMS are so important .They provide the specification of certain properties of the context and the contextual effects .The level of optimal relevance means that the larger contextual effect the smaller cognitive effort . generally the hearer stores a number of assumption in his memory ,and these assumptions can interact with the new information conveyed by the speaker , which come up with three results ; a new assumption or the contradiction , and even elimination , of an assumption Blakemore (1992;p.135). This the speakers/writer can help the hearer by reducing the cognitive effort. As Blakemore (1992;p.176) â€Å"a speaker may use the linguistic from of his utterance to guide the interpretation process†. Similar features of discourse markers:Despite the large disagreement about the definition and the classification of discourse markers ,There are some basic characteristic and features shared by discourse markers have been identified in DMS studies. Schourup (1999) argues, â€Å"to identify a small sent of characteristic most commonly attributes to discourse markers and to items referred to by other closely associated terms†. He realizes the most common features in these expressions from some studies in the discourse markers. These features are â€Å"multi-categoriality, connectivity, mon-truth conditionality, weak clause association, initiality, and optionality†a-multi- categoriality : It is viewed that discourse markers constitute a functional category that is heterogeneous with respect to the syntactic class (as cited in (similar features). Because items that are usually included in DMS are not structurally unified. They are derived from a variety of grammatical sources. Schourup (1999,p.134) distinguishes in wich DM function has been a attributed whether words like: adverbs (eg, now actually, anyway), coordinating and subordinating conjunctions (e.g, and, but, because). Interjections (e.g, oh, gosh, boy) verbs (e.g, say, look, see) or it can includes clauses (e.g, you see, I mean, you know). The fact that DMS are drown from different word classes makes them difficult to define them structurally. And that means they have identical counterparts that are not used as markers. Kohlani (2010,p39) points out that despite the great dispute regarding â€Å"the coexistence of two structurally identical items that function differently in discourse†, they do not overlap in discourse :When an expression functions as a discourse markers ,it does not express the propositional meaning of, its identical counterparts. As cites in janina buintkiene (2015)b- connectivity :connectivity is a common point shared by many studies concerning the DMS. They agree that DMS connect utterances or other discourse unites. However, there is a great disagreement about the nature of the connection discourse markers express and the nature and extent of the element connected ,as Schourup ( 1999,p20)point out. Thus connectivity is conceived differently due to the way discourse is viewed. In coherence-based studies, like Schifrin (1987) and Fraser (1999) defined DMS as connectives which relate two textual units by marking the relationships between them; they contribute to inter-utterance coherence. For coherence-based studies DMS have an important role in connecting one segment of text to another. In relevance-based studies, DMS do not connect one segment of text to another but they provide the hearer/reader with the right interpretation of the segment they introduce. Blakemore (1987) noted that DMS can play the role of connecting the host utterance not only the linguistic co-text but also to the context in a wider sense. For within relevance theory, discourse markers are viewed as expressing â€Å"inferential connections† that constrain the â€Å"cognitive processes† underlying the interpretation of the segment they introduce (Blakemore(2002,p.5).similar to this view, shourup (1999,p.230-232)states that DMS do not connect one segment of text to another. Rather they connect the â€Å"propositional content† expressed by their host sentence â€Å"to assumptions that are expressed by context†. He concludes that if connectivity is criterial for DM status, it can be used to distinguish DMS from various other initial element such as illocutionary adverbials (e.g, confidentially), attitudinal adverbials (e.g, sadly) and from primary interjections (e.g, oops). c/ nontruth-conditionality: nontruth-conditionality is also a feature that most researchers attribute to discourse markers. Saying that DMS are nontruth-conditional means that they bring no meaning or condition to the sentence. As Schourup (1999,p.232) claims that DMS are generally thought to contribute nothing to the truth-conditions of the proposition expressed by an utterance. Fraser (1996) also claimed that DMS do not influence the truth-conditions of sentences; he approved the idea that truth-conditions pertain to mental representations not to sentences. Accordingly ,for many researchers discourse markers are nontruth-conditional means that DMS are part of the pragmatic component of the sentence. Ostman (1995,p.98) argues that their â€Å"primary task in language is not related to the propositional aspect of sentences, but to the pragmatic functioning of language†. Moreover, Blakemore (2002) points out that pragmatic is defined as â€Å"meaning minus truth conditions†. She argues that pragmatic information which is not part of the truth conditional content â€Å"cannot be obtained through decoding linguistic forms†. As a conclusion, DMS are non-propositional expressions means that they are not part of propositional meaning of the sentence moreover; this does not mean they do not effect this meaning. DMS are not important in the propositional structure, but they do effect the propositional meaning. As Andersen (2001) argues that the meaning of the sentence is â€Å"not handled solely by the words contained in the utterance† rather is conveyed by † complex semantic and pragmatic processes†, as cited by kohlan (2010).d/ weak clause association:another characteristic of discourse markers that has been identified by Schourup (1999,p.232-234) is weak clause association. It is similar to the nontruth-conditionality feature is the sense of the detachment of DMS from their host sentence. As cited in janina buitkiene (2015), Brinton argues (1996,p.34), DMS usually occur â€Å"cither outside the syntactic structure or loosely attached to it†. DMS are regarded as being outside the propositional content and the syntactic structure of the sentence. Schourup (1999) points out that some of DMS have their syntactic structure such as on the other hand and you know (232). It is also because of their loose grammatical attachment to the structure of their host sentence, that discourse markers are after separate from the main clause by comma or independent two unit â€Å"regard Len whether they occur within the clause or at its initial† (ibid, 233). e/ initiality:IS one of the most noticeable feature of discourse markers. For some researchers. DMS occurs initially in the sentence. As Hansen (1997,p.157) points out that â€Å"markers must necessarily precede their host unit†. Similarly, Fraser (1990,p389) state â€Å"typically occur only in utterance-initial position†. The significance of the initial position as a text organizer is what makes it the most appropriate place in which discourse markers can fulfill their role in discourse. As cited in.The place of DMS is related to their function in discourse. Schourup (1999) states. â€Å"because they are used to restrict the contextual interpretation of an utterance†; he adds â€Å"it makes sense to restrict context early before interpretation can run astray† (233). Moreover, kohlani (2010.48) argues that initial position give for DMS wide scope over the whole sentence or paragraph to influence hearer or reader interpretation of everything that follows. f/ Optionality:Being optional rather than obligatory is another feature of discourse markers. Accordingly, DMS can be present or absent in the discourse. As Schifrin (1987) argues. â€Å"are never obligatory†. Moreover, Schourup (1999,p.231) states that DMS are optional in two distinct senses: â€Å"syntactically optional in the sense that removal of a DMS does not alter grammaticality of the sentences and in the further sense that they do not enlarge the possibilities for semantic relationship between the element they associate†. However, he adds. â€Å"it is never claimed that the optionality of DMS renders them useless as redundant†. This means even if DMS are regarded as syntactically and semantically optional, pragmatically are not. Supporting to this view, Brinton (1996) argues, † they are not pragmatically optional or superfluous†. Instead , they guide the hearer/reader to a particular interpretation. As Brinton (1996,p.34) argues â€Å"they reinforce or clue the interpretation intended by the speaker†.

Intelligence gathering Essay

The primary objective of intelligence gathering â€Å"†¦is to deal with future danger, not to punish past crimes. † This rings especially true in the world of terrorism. Although you are not seeking to punish past crimes, you cannot discount their usefulness when attempting to understand the future. Information is endless in terms of quantity. There are no limitations to the resources that can create useful and viable information. Perhaps the best source of information is that which comes from human sources. However, in law enforcement the use of undercover officers and informants is limited. The costs and risks associated with such operations are exponential. Also, many of the terrorist groups and organized hate groups are closed societies and are difficult to infiltrate. â€Å"To invade Iraq without preparing to deploy immediately and instruct properly the forces necessary to establish order, protect the inhabitants’ rich cultural legacy, and safeguard the material infrastructure of government and the health system is hardly to evince concern for real people as distinguished from abstract ideas. † (Thomas 2003 4). Nor is Ð ° determination not to tally at least the civilian Iraqi dead and maimed, the collateral damage, as it were, of liberation. Nor is leaving Afghanistan in shambles the better to pursue Ð ° war of choice and opportunity but hardly necessity in the Middle East, Nor is willed amnesia about the fate of the Central American countries where, in the name of democracy during the Reagan years, neo-conservatives championed war rather than fostering compromise and leveraging the social change that might have given substance to democratic forms. But all of these acts and omissions are entirely consistent with Ð ° cynical power-sharing compromise with the hard proponents of an unadorned chauvinism. And they are consistent as well with Ð ° sentiment that administration realists and neo-conservatives appear to possess jointly, which is indifference to what liberal humanitarians deem essential: due regard for the opinion of our old democratic allies and due concern for the lives of the peoples we propose to democratize. â€Å" (Thomas 2004 11). Therefore, much of the information gathered comes from traditional sources such as reports, search warrants, anonymous tips, public domain, and records management systems. This information is used to populate various investigative databases. When investigating Ð ° crime or developing answers to ongoing patterns, series, or trends, law enforcement personnel often rely upon numerous databases and records management systems. â€Å"One predictable yet little remarked consequence of the outrages committed in America on 9/11 has been an upsurge of academic interest in the study of terrorism. The number of US institutes and research centers and ‘think thanks’ which have now added this subject to their research agendas or, in some cases, have been newly established to specialize in this field has mushroomed. In Britain and other European countries the increase in interest has been more modest: some universities are now beginning to recruit specialists in terrorism studies to teach the subject as part of the curriculum of political science or international relations. Yet throughout European academia there is still Ð ° deep-seated reluctance, if not outright refusal, to recognize that studying terror as Ð ° weapon, whether by sub-state groups or regimes, is Ð ° legitimate and necessary scholarly activity. Most of the standard British introductory texts on politics and international relations make no reference to the concept of terrorism, or if they do it is only to dismiss it on the grounds that it is simply Ð ° pejorative term for guerrilla warfare and freedom fighting. Equally remarkable is the neglect of the use of terror by regimes and their security forces. The omission of Ð ° reference to these phenomena in the introductory texts is all the more startling in view of the fact that throughout history regimes have been responsible for campaigns of mass terror, of Ð ° lethality and destructiveness far greater in scale than those waged by sub-state groups. (Mary 2003 25) â€Å"It takes little imagination to see that the events of September 11 delivered Ð ° profound shock to America’s sense of its relationship with the outside world. Commentators inside and outside the United States strove to find words to express their sense of the enormity of the attacks. The attacks were Ð ° â€Å"wake-up call for Americans. † They constituted the â€Å"end of American innocence,† Ð ° final blow to America’s privileged position of detachment from the messy and violent conflicts that blighted less favored countries. America had now once and for all entered the â€Å"real world† of international politics, its â€Å"illusion of invulnerability† finally shattered. An important assumption behind these reactions was that America’s stance toward the outside world could and must change as Ð ° result of these events. American isolationism (in so far as it still existed), its tendency to act unilaterally, indeed its famed â€Å"exceptionalism† itself must inevitably give way to an acknowledgment that the United States was just like any other power. What precise policy implications might flow from such recognition was as yet unclear; it was enough that the events of September 11 constituted Ð ° turning point in American foreign relations. The world, it was said repeatedly, would never be the same again, and neither would America. Simulation exercises of terrorist situations which have occurred can be extremely useful. Lessons can be learnt. Response patterns and negotiating positions have to be viewed in the broader context of government policy-making. Problems shown up by simulation can be examined with Ð ° view to solution – are policy-makers prepared for Ð ° potential crisis or not? Communications breakdown, working at cross purposes and the impact of critical disorganization are regular difficulties. Terrorist tactics and strategies change and this can strain the capabilities of the authorities to respond effectively. â€Å" (John 2004 33-36).

Cell Phone Effects Essay

Introduction: Introduction about using mobile phones in the present Thesis: Using mobile phones in the present is a popular for all ages and there are many advantages to user. I. Argument or reason to support – Mobile phones is convenient communication tool. – Good feature of mobile phone – Mobile phones no limited about time II. Argument against – Negative healthy effects – The effect on children – Mobile phone and driving – The effect on the social Refutation: Mobile phones are a necessity in daily life. Human must be use in communicate. Conclusion: Using mobile phone is popular in the present and there are important to human as if it’s past of life. Human must used it for communication. From a good feature, human can use many advantages from mobile phone. At present, mobile phones are popular for everyone in our society. Mobile phones are common facilities for all ages. They can be used to communication between two persons or more than two persons everywhere and every time. So, mobile phones are important equipment for people nowadays. And mobile phones have many disadvantages. To have good health and live happily in our society, we should not use mobile phones. The most important advantage of using mobile phones is that mobile phones are convenient communication tools that we can use to communicate with our friends. Besides, you can carry mobile phones everywhere by keeping them in shopping bags and school bags because mobile phones are small and easy to carry. Furthermore, mobile phones have a lot of good functions such as cameras, music players, radio, the Internet, games, dictionaries, sound recorders, video players, calculators, map, bluetooth devices, notes, calendars and etc. In contrast, mobile phones have many disadvantages. The first one is they have effects to our†¦

Midterm Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Midterm Exam - Essay Example The securities are supporting various political sides and hence creating a situation whereby a certain proportion of the population is not secure. Without fair security to all people, a country experiences political instability. In other countries, military leaders are being involved in politics and hence the forces side with them. In such a situation, a county is exposed to political instability since their security is not guaranteed. In the last decade, the phenomenon of coups in Arab regimes that has dominated the political world since 1950’s has come to an end. Most regimes have expanded their military forces and hence making a military coup very complex. The numbers of military officers have grown by over 200% (Cordesman 57). The fund of the military officers has also been increases and hence they cannot be lured to taking political sides through money favors. This has ensured that the military can guard the country’s political stability. From the above dig into, it is apparent that the military have been in involved in generating political stability and political instability in Arab countries. Discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia was highly welcomed, and it was anticipated that the country was going to rise highly economically. The demand of oil globally had been constantly increasing and hence the country focused on oil production leaving out the other economic activities. The countries oil export was very high and hence its currency value spear-rocketed making it difficult for other countries to purchase its exports. The domestic industries were negatively affected by the economic situation and hence limiting their growth and reducing the possibility of opening of new business. The local industries participate in state building, and when they are in a position of no or little growth, the rate of state building is very low. The collapse of many local industries due to the value of the currency in

Steinbeck's depiction of the struggle of Agricultural workers during Essay

Steinbeck's depiction of the struggle of Agricultural workers during the Depression, his role as a social commentator, and its impact upon his work - Essay Example The novels also serve the purpose of a social documentary and present a picture of the prevailing systemic injustices in the United States. It is fashionable with the new breed of novelists to separate politics from art. But in the case of John Steinbeck, this distinction is not evident. The author, in the process of creating a work of art had also taken upon himself to ask questions of social injustices in general and economic disparities in particular. Hence, Steinbeck’s body of work are in essence are full of his own perspective on the state of rural American society; the medium of the novel have given Steinbeck the requisite scope and opportunity to fulfill his role as a social commentator. The rest of the essay will cite instances from the two novels as well as foray into the biographical aspects of the author himself to support this assertion. To understand this social activist trait in Steinbeck’s character one has to look at the experiences and circumstances that shaped his vision of America. Firstly, his years as an adolescent in Salinas, where he got a first hand experience of his parents’ struggle for survival is a formative influence. It is the next phase of his life however, that will prove more important – his long-time relationship with the radical social worker Carol Henning. The influence of Carol Henning cannot be underestimated, for her socialist views on life had clearly rubbed off on Steinbeck, which is evident from the earliest journalistic assignments that Steinbeck undertook. His years as a novice journalist also had a key role in the shaping of his character, for these early writing assignments were the foundations for his later literary pursuits. In both the works in discussion – The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men, the influences of these formative stages of his early l ife are quite obvious. While Steinbeck never really espoused a

Development of Character Typology theory and the four principal style Essay

Development of Character Typology theory and the four principal style typologies that result from it - Essay Example Behavioural and personality models are widely used in organisations, especially in psychometrics and psychometric testing (personality assessments and tests). Behavioural and personality models have also been used by philosophers, leaders and managers for many years as an aid to understanding, explaining, and managing communications and relationships. Properly used, psychometrics and personality tests can be hugely beneficial in improving knowledge of oneself and other people - motivations, strengths, weaknesses, preferred thinking and working styles, and also strengths and preferred styles for communications, learning, management, being managed, and team-working. Understanding personality - of yourself and others - is central to motivation. Different people have different strengths and needs that must be satisfied to be properly motivated. The more you understand about personality, the better able you are to judge what motivates people - and yourself. The more you understand about y our own personality and that of other people, the better able you are to realise how others perceive you, and how they react to your own personality and style. ... â€Å"Understanding personality types are helpful for appreciating that while people are different, everyone has a value and special strengths and qualities and that everyone should be treated with care and respect. The relevance of love and spirituality – especially at work – is easier to see and explain when we understand that differences in people are usually personality-based† (Chapman). â€Å"Different types handle information in different ways. Different types make decisions in different ways. Different types resolve conflicts in different ways. And different types have different power† (UBI mod. 2) The development of character typology theory involves different phases such as forming, storming, norming and performing. United Business Institute’s Information Systems under volume 4 states the following character development phases: â€Å"Forming phase - the character is unwilling to undertake the work and unable to do so. Lack of knowledge and lack of skills. Tend to focus on themselves rather than the team. Storming – willing to attempt the work but still unable to do it as skills still missing. High conflict potential as team members present and challenge ideas. Norming – unwillingness returns, possibly due to a lack of confidence in new skills but they are able to do the work. Focus tends to be on rules, processes and the â€Å"how† of the work. And performing – willing and able to do the work and to act as an effective team. Focus changes to delivering the objectives.† It's important to realise that no-one fully understands the extent to which personality is determined by genetics and hereditary factors, compared to the effects of up-bringing, culture, environment and experience. Nature versus nurture, no-one knows. Most studies

How will you Identify, Cultivate, and Thank the Donors at the School Assignment

How will you Identify, Cultivate, and Thank the Donors at the School - Assignment Example The process of fundraising funnel starts with prospecting (Graecht, 2014). My core strategy would be to build the  prospect list. For instance, I would ask my current donors and Board of Directors for referrals. I would like to inquire if they know any people would want to know more about my cause/organization. The podcast specifically mentions that a non-for profit organization should usually look forward to having individual donors and not expect big organizations to take an interest in my cause. I will try to identify individuals that I can connect with and possibly build a relationship. Even if I do not get direct donors by prospecting, but the prospect that I converse with might probably lead me to a major donor. Before asking for direct referrals, I need to build a stable relationship with my current prospects. And it takes a lot of efforts to strengthen this relationship. Not-for-profit organizations do well with regular donors (Graecht, 2014). One does not need to introduce the cause (pitching) and do the fishing every time to get the donations. A lifelong relationship with regular donors is the best way to fund my project. I would like to hold ‘non-ask events’ because they are not intimidating. People are more comfortable in coming to and interacting in these events as compared to direct donation events. But as I’ve already mentioned that the first step is to develop a relationship with a few people. From then onwards I can ask them for referrals or indirectly ask for donations. From the study material, it is clear that hardly anyone gives contribution when directly asked for money (Graecht, 2014). It is a passive strategy, but very effective because the people need to see the cause and the impact that their contributions will make. I would also develop a story for my project.

Molecular Microbiology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Molecular Microbiology - Case Study Example The commoner intravenous catheter-related infections are exit-site infections, as in this case, often with erythema around the area where the line penetrates the skin. Bacterial blood stream infections are common in this given scenario, and Staphylococci are the second most prevalent bacteria. However, a smear suggesting the staphylococci or Gram-positive cocci in clusters in blood culture as in here, is not sufficient for the diagnosis of true bacterial blood stream infection before the species is identifiable, since the most frequent of this species, Coagulase-negative staphylococci or CoNS usually habituate in the skin, and there is always a chance of contamination of the culture bottles during the venipuncture. In contrast, such an infection due to Staphylococcus aureus is virulent by its intrinsic nature, and isolation in one blood culture bottle is clearly diagnostic and is an indication of initiation of antibiotic therapy. Thus the therapeutic decision making is based on identification of the organism (Beekmann, S. E., Diekema, D. J. and Doern, D. J., 2005). The first test obviously would be to do a light microscopic examination. Direct microscopic examination may provide a rapid, presumptive report of Gram-positive cocci resembling staphylococci. Isolation of S. aureus should be performed using 5% blood agar following an incubation period of 18-24 h in air at 35-37 C. Staphylococcus aureus ferments mannitol, resulting in a change in the colour of the medium from pink to yellow. Colony morphology may be used by the experienced observer to define presumptive staphylococci. A Gram stain appearance of cocci in clusters and a positive catalase test provide rapid indicators of staphylococci. However, in order to be able to distinguish between Staphylococcus aureus and the remaining members of the staphylococcus species, other tests are necessary. For clinical microbiological purposes, two or three simple tests suffice. The coagulase test detects the production of coagulase by S. aureus. In this test, one colony is mixed with plasma, incubate d at 37 C for 4 h and observed for clot formation. Samples that are negative at 4 h are incubated and observed again for clotting at 24 h. The slide agglutination test detects clumping factor (ClfA). This is performed by making a heavy homogenous suspension of cells in distilled water on a glass slide to which a drop of plasma is added. Within 10 s, the mixture is examined for presence of clumping (Chapin, K., and M. Musgnug, 2003). How would you differentiate the cocci in clusters from those in chain Cocci in clusters are named as staphylococci. All staphylococci have the ability to convert hydrogen peroxide into nontoxic H2O and O2. Both coagulase positive and negative staphylococci produce catalase. This test differentiates them from cocci in chain or streptococci, which cannot produce catalase and hence are catalase negative (Chapin, K., and M. Musgnug, 2003). What is the principle of DNase test and what is the identity of this organism and why Support your answer with microbiological diagnostic facts. DNase or deoxyribonuclease is an extracellular enzyme that can hydrolyze deoxyribonucleic acid to oligonucleotides. Several varieties of deoxyribonucleases are distinguished on the basis of antigenic properties, response to inhibitory substances, hydrolytic end products, and

The impact of family on child development Research Paper

The impact of family on child development - Research Paper Example This is because the infants get attached to those people around them who are responsive and provide them comfort. According to Evans and Erikson (12), in the first stage of cognitive development in infants, trust versus mistrust, infants get close to and develop trust on their parents and the family members from whom they find reassurance. How the family interacts with an infant or a young child defines how he is going to make a schema of the world inside his mind. If the family is going to offer him warmth and dependable fondness, the child is going to develop a trustworthy relationship not only with the family but with everyone he will meet in his life; whereas, if the family provides him with insecurities and the child does not feel that his basic needs are being fulfilled, he will develop a sense of mistrust. Thus, the active participation of family and how they meet the basic needs of the infant define if the child is going to trust others, or is going to mistrust others and fee l them unreliable and undependable. If the family has been abusive toward the child, he will grow up to be abusive toward the world and will perceive the world as a dangerous place to live in. The form of relationship the parents develop with their children is a very important indicator of what type of early education the children are receiving at their homes when they are in their infancy. Parents tend to be authoritative, authoritarian or permissive, and each kind tends to educate the child in a totally different way. Very strict standards, that leave no room for communication with children, will make the child obey but will not enable him to learn the logic and reasoning. Permissive parents have very lenient rules which results in the child getting disobedient and even violent at times. Hence, for infants and young children, early education which starts at their homes, is

Locke on the Relationship Between Government and Religion Essay

Locke on the Relationship Between Government and Religion - Essay Example The right to freedom, therefore, implies that the will of others does not bind a person. However, he is also quick to acknowledge the existence of God and believes that "God has given us a moral obligation to adhere to divine laws. These laws are written on every persons hearts" (Galenkamp,2012,p.92). Locke believes that the State has no right to impose any religion on their citizens. He writes that every person has rights such as a right to life, a right to free will and a right to the estate. Thus, the country has no freedom to take away any of those rights from an individual only because the person does not agree to the kind of religion recommended by the State. The society can confront a person when his religion causes chaos to others. "Only when someones religious commitment constitutes a direct threat to the public peace and order, civil authorities may legitimately restrict religious freedoms" (Galenkamp,2012,p.92). Lockes view of toleration is both useful and ethical because it appreciates and embraces differences. It is also useful because, it states that the State has a right to intrude if someones religious belief disrupts peace. It is also ethical in that he believes an individual has the freedom of choice. He also believes in the existence of God, who according to him has deposited the ability to make right or wrong decisions. He believes that God has set the standards for us and in us. A person does not necessarily need the laws to be written somewhere for them to follow. God already deposits them in our hearts. The right following to this promptings will ensure that a persons conduct is safe and does not infringe on others. Such "promptings" are the same ones that ethics applies. As Locke states in his "A Letter Concerning Tolerance", society has a right to say no to some communities whose beliefs tamper with others rights. Any religion that disrupts the peace of a country and causes chaos, killings or havoc should be stopped. For example, a