The Invasions of Europe Essay Example for Free

The Invasions of Europe Essay On the later stage of the dark ages or the Middle Ages, Europe experienced loses from barbaric attacks by Vikings, Magyars and Moslem invaders which ranged from early 9th century up to 11th century. These invasions had made Roman Empire lost most of its land area as well as the trust of people to the Christian leaders. Vikings started their attack because of overpopulation in their homeland. They came first to England then to Iona, Ireland and the rest of the north and western part, destroying the most civilized part of the region and plundering the rich trading centers and monasteries. As each attack became successful, they would return in more numbers. Their invasions had become easier on them because they had their sail ships compared to their earlier invasions which was by foot. People started fearing to live in the coastal region. While some of the Vikings battle in the western half of Mediterranean, some began settling in the northwest of France and the others came to Moslem Spain and Great Britain. Chieftains would bribe them in order for Vikings not to attack their villages. Some groups such as Danes began the resistance and successfully defended England. As Normans settled down, they began to decrease in number. They became civilized and were converted to Christianity. They had lost their lust in plundering. During that period, in the other part of Europe, the Moslems had gone invading Spain, threatening Italy, droving out Byzantines in Sicily and southern Italy. They almost got into Rome. While Moslems continued their attack in the Mediterranean, Magyars began invading the east. These groups of invaders which simultaneously attacked from all sides had surrounded the European continent. Magyars invaded Germany each year. They had passed through Germany, France, Burgundy, all the way to Italy. While some of them continued to pursue their attacks at France, others left for Spain. Until the Magyar armies were annihilated by a German king Otto I, Europe became safe from invasions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All of these invasions had contributed to the downfall of the rich Holy Roman Empire. But they experienced the worst attack from the Magyars mainly because during that time that they attacked, Europe was already suffering from attacks of Vikings and Moslems. There were almost no civilized regions left during that time and areas became less populated. They invasion became so damaging as they suffered simultaneous attacks from all sides.   As the Roman Empire tends to collapse, they failed to resist these attacks earlier because they had fewer warriors.   Some locals burn their fields not letting the barbarians have it. Most of the richest parts were prone to attack while monasteries were heavily subjected to being destroyed. People suffered heavily. They lost their lands, livelihood and their wealth. As they mourn, they ran to the church for comfort but they were disappointed as there were anomalies in the leader of the churches.   Some of them became robbers, adulterers, and murderers and converged into realms of politics. There were numerous replacements of popes. At a time there were â€Å"illegal doings† in the papal palaces. Some must have lost their trust in their belief. Yet, Christianity did not end there. It was reformed by Benedictine monks in France. As the Magyars were defeated during that time, they became converts to Christianity and settled at Hungary. Vikings were also converted to Christianity but one of the main reasons is that Christians didn’t want to trade with and marry non-Christians. During the latter course of Dark Ages, Europe gradually recovered from the invasion. Leaders were crowned but had conflicts with Christian leaders. There were tensions between them about who had the greatest power. And so the Dark Ages ended. References Kimball, C. (2001). Chapter 7: The Viking Era. A History of Europe. Retrieved December 7,   Ã‚  Ã‚   2007, from http://xenohistorian.faithweb.com/europe/eu07.html. Knight, J. (2001). The Carolingan Age. Middle Ages: Almanac, 39-45. Retrieved December 7,    2007, from http://www.4shared.com/file/28008239/b4f1dc89/Gale_- _Middle_Ages_Reference_Library_Vols1-5.html [database].

rye :: essays research papers

It is in the early hours of Monday morning when Holden returns Grand Central Station. He decides to sleep on one of the benches in the waiting room because he has nowhere else to go. He wakes around nine, as the hustle and bustle of the working day begins. He thinks about the night before and the incident with Mr. Antolini; he wonders if he has misinterpreted Antolini’s touch. Disturbed by these though, he tries to think of something else. He reads a magazine someone has left behind. It is some kind of health magazine, however, and Holden gets more depressed, certain he has cancer and is dying. Holden decides to go out and buy himself an inexpensive breakfast. He does not want to spend too much of Phoebe’s money. Since his stomach is upset, he just drinks coffee. He leaves the train station and walks out to Fifth Avenue. All around him, people seem to be in the Christmas spirit, which is depressing to Holden. He begins to imagine he is disappearing, becoming invisible. He thinks the distance it takes to cross the street keeps growing and fears he will never reach the other side; it is like a death dream. He then begins to talk to his dead brother, asking him to help him cross the street. Each time Holden makes it across another street, he thanks Allie. After a while, Holden sits down on a bench to formulate a plan of action. He decides he will hitchhike "way out west". However, he decides to meet Phoebe one last time and say good-bye. He goes to her school and delivers a note asking her to meet him in the Metropolitan Museum of Art for lunch. Since he has nothing else to do, he goes to the museum to wait. While Holden waits, he meets two young boys and helps them locate the display of Egyptian mummies. The tomb-like structure makes Holden ill, and he goes to the bathroom and faints. Once he revives, he goes out to wait for Phoebe.

An Explication Of William Carlos Williams’s “The Red Wheelbarrow” Essay

Usually, in interpreting a poem, one simply relies on the metaphors behind the words to find a meaning. Sometimes, however, the structure of the poem itself and the literal image which the words convey are already the meaning of the poem. The significance in the reading of William Carlos William’s poem, â€Å"The Red Wheelbarrow†, lies in the structure by which the poet arranges the words and the snapshot of the image which the poem describes. The entire poem comprises of a single sentence cut into parts and stacked so that it becomes a four-stanza poem, each stanza of which comprises of two lines. The first lines are irregular; those in the first and fourth stanzas are made up of four syllables. The two sandwiched stanzas are only comprised of three syllables. Meanwhile, all second lines in each stanza are single words with two syllables each. As a sentence, the poem would be insignificant both for its mundane subject matter and lack of metaphor: So much depends upon a red wheelbarrow glazed with rain beside the white chickens. It becomes a subject for careful scrutiny, however, because of the manner by which the poet cuts the sentence into parts. The line breaks, cutting off whole words into two, suggest cued halting in the reading and the reader is forced to take in every image which every word evokes, both as a cut-off piece (i. e. wheel and barrow) and as a compound (i. e. wheelbarrow), slowly, part by part, then as a whole. The reader also learns to appreciate the painting which is the poem, like he does when viewing a still-life—a captured image intensified by the rendering—from a master artist, framed on a wall. The impact of the entire poem rests on the first stanza, â€Å"so much depends/ upon† (lines 1-2). It suggests the importance of what are to follow. It appropriates the value of the simple objects that would be enumerated. The placement of the word â€Å"upon† (line 2) as a line by itself, connotes the gravity of the importance of the wheelbarrow which is the central image in and subject of the poem. The word â€Å"wheelbarrow† is cut into two parts, â€Å"wheel† as a part of line 3 and â€Å"barrow† as an entire line 4. With the separation, the reader is forced to examine the machine by parts, the wheel first, before taking in the whole machine. His visual sense is also arrested with the middle word, which is a strong and bright color: red. The fifth line â€Å"glazed with rain†, gives the red wheelbarrow a character. It is not just a bright red wheelbarrow. It is dulled by the rain. It is a used and beaten implement. It has to withstand the natural elements. This reinforces the theme of attributing significance to this everyday object. This wheelbarrow does a lot of farm work, helping the farmer move and carry soil, manure, produce, etc. The same visual stimulus is presented again with the line â€Å"beside the white† (line 7), the adjective separating the noun, the â€Å"chickens. † (line 8), which the color pertains. Ending the line with another color, and one that contrasts sharply with the first color mentioned in the preceding stanza, makes the two objects captured in the painting (which is the poem) stand out against each other. The red wheelbarrow stands out against the white chickens. As an imagistic poem, â€Å"The Red Wheelbarrow† presents a snapshot of a farm scene. A red wheelbarrow sits idly on the ground, wet with recent rain, while chickens gather beside it, unmindful of the machine. The scene is ordinary and so is the description. The snapshot, however, perceived alongside the words and the form by which Williams creatively arranges the words, become more exciting because it begins to approximate a painting of an ordinary scene that is made special by the careful attention, reinterpretation and presentation of the poet. It is not just an everyday rural image of a wheelbarrow glazed with rainwater beside the white chickens. It is a work of art showing the image of a wheelbarrow glazed with rainwater beside the white chickens and the perceiver is being asked to evoke whatever associations, sentiments, feelings and interpretations he might come up with, both subjective and objective, as result of his experiencing the work of art. Reference: Williams, Williams Carlos. â€Å"The Red Wheelbarrow. †

Homeland Security Document - 1256 Words

The Department of Homeland Security website explains the basic information of the REAL ID Act that was passed by congress in 2005. The web site provides important dates such as implementation dates and the dates that all states are required to be in compliance with the Act. It states that the United States Congress feels that the Act sets the standard for regulating new state identification cards and establishes minimum security regulations for the new identification card regarding security enhancements on the identification cards themselves. There is also information pertaining to the phases where citizens without an enhanced driver’s license will not be able to access certain facilities such as restricted areas, nuclear power plants, and†¦show more content†¦Department of Homeland Security. (2005). REAL ID Act Title II H.R. 1268. Retrieved from https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/real-id-act-text.pdf. This is the Title that was passed by United States Congress in 2005 in response to the necessity for better regulation requirements of state identification cards and driver’s license. It provides a full list of the required information that must be included on identification cards for states and citizens to obtain an enhanced driver’s license. Some of the specific requirements are full names, date of birth, gender, license and identification card numbers, resident verification, a signature, and security features that would make tampering more difficult. It also has document requirements like state and photo identifications, birth certificates, marriage certificates, and address verification documents including electric bills, income tax, mortgage notes. It includes material on the use of passports and immigration documents. There is a section that deals with criminal penalties for attempting to use a driver’s license inappropriately. Lastly, there is a short prev ision that offers grants for states to assist them in meeting the requirements set forth by this title. This again, is factual information provided by the United States Government. The information contained in the title section is likely the most vital source of my essay. Friedland,Show MoreRelatedHomeland Security And The Security1435 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined to the point it is today. The Homeland Security Department is a fairly new program which is constantly improving and adjusting in accordance to the threats that may arise. In the attempt to secure the United States, homeland security has become paramount and a lot of emphasis is being provided so as to ensure the safety of the borders and the citizens of the United States. 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